Content:
8.1 Book PDF
8.2 In-Text Questions with Answers
8.3 Exercise Questions with Answers
8.1 Book PDF:8.1 Book PDF
8.2 In-Text Questions with Answers
8.3 Exercise Questions with Answers
Download chapters 8 of Vital Villages, Thriving Towns in PDF file from the links given below. Solutions to these chapters with important extra questions are also available on the below page.
8.2 In-Text Questions with Answer:
Q. If you look at the chart, you will find that some of the stages in the construction of irrigation works are mentioned.
Fill in the rest by using the following phrases :
A.
- Labour is provided by the people.
- Farmers also benefit because crop production is more certain.
- Farmers have to increase production to pay taxes.
- Kings provide money and plan irrigation works.
A.
- Kings need money for armies, palaces, forts.
- They demand taxes from farmers.
- Farmers have to increase production to pay taxes.
- This is possible with irrigation.
- Kings provide money and plan irrigation works.
- Labour is provided by the people.
- Production increases.
- So does revenue.
- Farmers who benefit because crop production is more certain.
Q. List the occupations of the persons mentioned in the story. For each one, try and decide whether they would have lived
A. The occupations mentioned in die story are
- (a) only in villages
- (b) only in cities
- (c) in both cities and villages
A. The occupations mentioned in die story are
- Hotel owner – lived in the city
- Gardener – both in the villages and city
- Potter – lived in the villages
- Grasscutter – villages
- Horse merchant (trader) – both in the villages and city
- Trader – city
Q. Why do you think the horse dealer was coming to the city?
A. The horse dealer was coming to the city to sell his horses because he had 500 horses and wanted to sell them to make a profit.
A. The horse dealer was coming to the city to sell his horses because he had 500 horses and wanted to sell them to make a profit.
Q. Do you think women could have taken up the occupation mentioned in the story? Give reasons for your answer.
A. Women could have taken up some occupations :
A. Women could have taken up some occupations :
- Hotel owner – It is time-consuming, needing a long horse of work. It cannot be taken up by women.
- Gardener – the women can take up the job, as it is not a laborious job.
- Potter–making pottery is also an easy job, needing more skill, to make different shapes and design.
- Grasscutter – cutting grass is time-consuming but easy to work.
- Traders – usually they work in the cities or go from one city to another. Many times the traders have to stay overnight or for many days. Hence cannot be taken up by women.
Q. Make a list of all the things imported and exported from Barygaza. Underline at least two things that were not in use during Harappan times. Why do you think merchants brought gifts for the king?
A. Goods exported and imported from Bharuch (Barygaza) are
Exports :
Imports :
The two things that were not in use during Harappan times are :
The merchants brought gifts for the king to please him, and the king could give them favors.
A. Goods exported and imported from Bharuch (Barygaza) are
Exports :
- (a) Plants form the Himalayas
- (b) ivory
- (c) agate
- (d) camelina
- (e) cotton
- (f) silk
- (g) perfumes
Imports :
- (a) wine
- (b) copper
- (c) tin
- (d) lead
- (e) coral
- (f) topaz
- (g) cloth
- (h) gold and silver coins.
The two things that were not in use during Harappan times are :
- (a) gold and silver coins
- (b) plants from the Himalayas
The merchants brought gifts for the king to please him, and the king could give them favors.
Q. Salt was produced plentifully from the sea coast. What are the merchants planning to exchange it with? How are they traveling?
A. The merchants wanted to exchange paddy for salt. They are traveling in carts, with their families.
A. The merchants wanted to exchange paddy for salt. They are traveling in carts, with their families.
Q. Make a list of the occupations of the people who lived in Mathura. List one occupation that was not practiced in Harappan cities.
A. The main occupations of the people were
A. The main occupations of the people were
- Goldsmiths
- Blacksmiths
- Weavers
- Basket-makers
- Garland-makers
- Perfumers
Q. Make a list of all the women who could be employed by the superintendent. Do you think women would have faced any problems while working?
A. Arthashastra mentions the rules for spinning land weaving. It describes how this process can be carried out under the supervision of the special official. The rules were:
A. Arthashastra mentions the rules for spinning land weaving. It describes how this process can be carried out under the supervision of the special official. The rules were:
- All the people like young women, nuns, mothers, retired women servants of the king, women who have retired from service in temples, may be used for processing wool, bark, cotton, hemp, and flax.
- They should be paid according to the quality and quantity of the work done.
- Women who were not permitted to leave their homes could take the services of the maidservant.
- Women had to give their work in the morning and get wages. If a woman did not complete her work, she was severely punished. She had to pay a fine, sometimes her thumbs were cut off.
- Superintendent had to be discreet while talking to the women, otherwise, he was punished.
Q. Why do you think the amphitheaters and aqueducts have survived.
A. The amphitheaters and aqueducts were made of bricks and cement mortar. Romans were the first to find cement.
8.3 Exercise Questions with Answers:A. The amphitheaters and aqueducts were made of bricks and cement mortar. Romans were the first to find cement.
Let’s Recall
Fill in the blanks :
Q.
A.
Q.
- ……….. was a word used for large landowners in Tamil.
- The grama bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the …………..
- Ploughmen were known as ………… in Tamil.
- Most grihapatis were ……….. landowners
A.
- Vellalar was a word used for large landowners in Tamil
- The Grama bhojaka often got his land cultivated by the slaves and hired workers.
- Ploughmen were known as Ezhava it Tamil.
- Most Grihapatis were smaller landowners.
Q. Describe the functions of the Gramabhojaka. Why do you think he was powerful?
A. The ‘gramabhojaka’ was the largest landowner. He had slaves and he hired workers to cultivate the land. He was powerful since the king entrusted him with the important job of collecting taxes from the villagers. His other functions were those of a policeman and judge.
A. The ‘gramabhojaka’ was the largest landowner. He had slaves and he hired workers to cultivate the land. He was powerful since the king entrusted him with the important job of collecting taxes from the villagers. His other functions were those of a policeman and judge.
Q. List the crafts persons who would have been present in both villages and cities.
A. Craftsperson who would have been present in both villages and cities were :
A. Craftsperson who would have been present in both villages and cities were :
- Blacksmiths
- Carpenters
- Weavers
Choose the correct answer :
Q. Ring wells were used for:
Q. Punch marked coins were made of:
Q. Mathura was important:
Q. Shrines were associations of:
Let’s Discuss
Q. Ring wells were used for:
- (1) bathing
- (2) washing clothes
- (3) irrigation
- (4) drainage
Q. Punch marked coins were made of:
- (1) silver
- (2) gold
- (3) tin
- (4) ivory
Q. Mathura was important:
- (1) village
- (2) port
- (3) religious center
- (4) forested area
Q. Shrines were associations of:
- (1) rulers
- (2) craftspersons
- (3) farmers
- (4) herders
Q. Which of the iron tools shown on page 87 would have been important for agriculture? What would the other tools have been used for?
A. Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails, and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.
A. Ploughshares would have been important for agriculture. The other tools used were sickles and axes. The other tools like tongs, nails, and hammers were used for carpentry and also by ironsmiths.
Q. Compare the drainage system in your locality with that of the cities mentioned in the lesson. What similarities and differences do you notice?
A.The drainage system in the cities in the present times is highly developed. There is an underground drainage system with covered drains. The bathrooms, toilets, and kitchens have an underground system and are connected to the main drains outside. The ancient cities had a ring well system. It is a row of pots or cera^jj. rings arranged one on top of others. They have been used as toilets in some cases and as drains and garbage dumps. These ring wells have been found in individual houses.
Let’s Do
| Ancient cities | Present cities |
| Toilets in the houses. | Toilets in the houses, with cisterns and flushes. |
| Ring wells used as garbage bins. | In present times, there are garbage pins where garbage from the whole city is dumped. |
Q. If you have seen craftspersons at work, describe in a short paragraph what they do (Hint: how do these get the raw materials, what kind of equipment do they use, how do they work, what happens to the finished product).
A. I have seen crafts persons like weavers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths in villages and cities. Weavers are mostly seen in villages. I saw them running their spinning wheel or handmill. First, they collect the cotton balls, they weave thread and then they weave clothes. After that, they sell it in the market.
A. I have seen crafts persons like weavers, blacksmiths, goldsmiths in villages and cities. Weavers are mostly seen in villages. I saw them running their spinning wheel or handmill. First, they collect the cotton balls, they weave thread and then they weave clothes. After that, they sell it in the market.
Q. List the functions performed by men and women who live in your city or village. la what ways are these similar to those performed by people who lived in Mathura? In what ways are these different?
A. In the city I live in, I see men and women working to feed their families. Most men work in offices and other establishments. Women also work in offices these days. In a city like Mathura, people worked to provide food items to the city- folks because it was located at the intersection of two major trade and travel routes. The life of people of our cities and that in Mathura was in no way much different.
A. In the city I live in, I see men and women working to feed their families. Most men work in offices and other establishments. Women also work in offices these days. In a city like Mathura, people worked to provide food items to the city- folks because it was located at the intersection of two major trade and travel routes. The life of people of our cities and that in Mathura was in no way much different.
